【保健知多D】一字之差?魚油 vs 魚肝油?(一)
〈魚油同魚肝油有咩分別?〉
有時候,一字之差往往可以「差之毫釐,謬之千里」,帶出很多好美麗的誤會。
舉例說,「魚油」、「魚肝油」便是一對活生生的例子。
根據經驗,很多人往往經常會將「魚油」看成「魚肝油」或者將「魚肝油」說成「魚油」。所以如果是第一次買魚油或者魚肝油的話,藥罐子大多都會不厭其煩問清楚對方所指的到底是魚油還是魚肝油。
那兩者其實到底又有什麼分別呢?
首先說到魚油,便不得不提魚油的歷史:
其實人們之所以會對魚油感興趣,主要源於一種自相矛盾的怪現象。
這種怪現象徹底打破了一般人一種根深蒂固的觀念,跌破了很多人的眼鏡……
這種怪現象便是……
理論上,根據一般人的認知,脂肪的攝取量愈多,患上心血管病症的風險自然便會愈大。
簡單說,攝取大量脂肪固然可能會增加肥胖的風險,同時還可能會增加患上心血管病症的風險,例如冠心病(Coronary Heart Disease, CHD),對吧?
不過有一種人偏偏就是例外。
這種人便是……
愛斯基摩人(Eskimo)!
首先愛斯基摩人長年住在北極這種天寒地凍、冰天雪地的極北之地,面對這片寸草不生的不毛之地,人們不能耕種,只能狩獵為生,主要是魚、海豹、鯨魚。
當然同是北極,這些獵物當然不懂穿羽絨,不過體內卻會屯積大量脂肪來隔溫保暖,面皮……不、不、不,應該是皮下脂肪一般較厚,所以這些愛斯基摩人的餐單裡自然離不開大量脂肪,不過這類人偏偏就是較少患上心血管病症,例如心臟病發。
好奇怪,對吧?
後來人們發現這些脂肪蘊含豐富的奧米加3脂肪酸(Omega-3 Fatty Acids)這種多元不飽和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, PUFAs),或許能夠解釋這個現象。
實際上,魚油同樣蘊含豐富的奧米加3脂肪酸,其中較重要的主要有二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA)、二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA)兩種。
對,這就是我們經常掛在嘴邊的DHA、EPA。所以與其說二十……這兩個冗長的中文,倒不如直接說英文好了。
實際上,藥罐子相信大家可能聽過DHA、EPA,不過未必真的聽過「二十二碳六烯酸」、「二十碳五烯酸」這兩個化學名吧?
真的要說的話,DHA、EPA各有長短。
其中相較DHA而言,EPA較能降低極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(Very-low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, VLDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C)(俗稱「壞膽固醇」)、三酸甘油脂(Triglycerides)的水平,同時還可能會增加高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL-C)(俗稱「好膽固醇」)的水平。[1]
這就是說,理論上,魚油可能會改善體內的膽固醇,所以可能會紓緩高脂血症(Hyperlipidemia),從而可能會減少出現心血管病症的風險。
不過暫時還是言之尚早,所以美國食品藥物管理局(U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA)暫時只容許魚油產品作出以下類似意思的聲稱,例如:
"Consuming EPA and DHA combined may reduce blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension, a risk factor for CHD (coronary heart disease). However, FDA has concluded that the evidence is inconsistent and inconclusive.……"[2]
話雖如此,實際上,只要改良魚油並進化成為Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester,這種升級版的魚油便會從「保健品」升為一種「藥品」,用於治療高三酸甘油脂血症(Hypertriglyceridemia)。[1][3]
至於相較EPA而言,DHA或許較能抗凝血[4]、降血壓[5]。
在副作用上,魚油看來一般安全。
不過說到魚,自然離不開魚腥味;說到油,自然離不開油膩膩的口感,兩者同樣可能會影響依從性。
同時,市面上的魚油大多源自深海魚,所以偶爾會稱為「深海魚油」,海床愈深,光源便會愈少,溫度便會愈低,脂肪便會愈厚,DHA、EPA自然便會愈多,同時因為這些深海魚大多位居食物鏈的高層,所以一些污染物便可能會沿著食物鏈層層遞進進入這些深海魚裡面,例如汞(Mercury)、多氯聯苯(Polychlorinated Biphenyl, PCB)、二噁英(Dioxin)。
當然不用問,這條食物鏈的最高層當然是人類。
所以當人們服用這些魚油的時候,這些污染物便可能會沿著這條食物鏈進入人體,日積月累,便可能會構成毒性,從而可能會增加中毒的風險。
還有,因為魚油可能會抗凝血,所以較可能會加強一些抗凝血藥的功效,例如華法林(Warfarin),從而可能會增加出血的風險。[6]
當然,除此之外,其他西藥例如亞士匹靈(Aspirin)或者中藥例如當歸、丹參同樣可能會跟魚油產生這種相互作用,從而可能會增加出血的風險。
所以如果正在服用這些中、西藥的話,一般建議服用魚油前首先應該諮詢醫生的專業意見。
最後,魚油是魚油,不是魚肝油,這點,千萬不要弄錯。
(如欲了解更多用藥資訊,歡迎看看「小小藥罐子」網誌。)
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著作➡️藥事知多D、用藥知多D、藥房事件簿、家居用藥攻略(各大書店有售)
Reference:
1. McKenney JM, Sica D. Role of prescription omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:715-728.
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Food, News & Events from CFSAN, CFSAN Constituent Updates, FDA Announces New Qualified Health Claims for EPA and DHA Omega-3 Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease, available at https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-announces-new-qualified-health-claims-epa-and-dha-omega-3-consumption-and-risk-hypertension-and (Accessed 9 Sep 2020)
3. McKenney JM, Sica D. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:595-605.
4. Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2003;166:85-93.
5. Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension. 1999;34:253-260.
6. Buckley MS, Goff AD, Knapp WE, et al. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:50-52.
concluded中文 在 陳冠廷 Kuan-Ting Chen Facebook 的最讚貼文
大概是一兩年前吧,有一次在辦論壇時,跟一位優秀的海軍退役軍官聊到「語言教育」的重要性。
那位曾在海內外打拼的優質軍官曾跟我說過,台灣🇹🇼跟國外軍售後,軍官、士官、志願役士兵,都有機會去國外與盟軍共同訓練。
除了武器設備都是原文,需要扎實的語言學習外, 訓練期間的「溝通語言」,更能學習到一般基本操作、武器操作之外,更深層的交流。
例如: 對美(或其他盟國)軍隊文化的了解,建立長期且穩定的友誼。
教育不僅僅只是教育部、學校的事而已。
「美國國家安全教育項目」由美國國防部資助,從1991年開始,就透過教育,讓美國民眾能增強其在國際間的競爭力及溝通能力。
其中的「美國國家中文領航項目」,則由美國13所優秀的綜合性大學參與,旨於讓美國大學生,未來能具備雙語言、雙文化能力,在教育、經濟、國防安全、外交領域做出貢獻。
很高興能夠與美國國家中文領航項目副主任李明穎女士,就未來協助訓練美方青年在此項目的合作達成共識。
台灣世代智庫 Taiwan NextGen Foundation將會在明年提供中文環境的工作機會,讓美方青年能夠在研究政策、論壇中,使用中文,融入台灣文化,並提供他們主修的專業力,增進兩方關係。
雙語教育的重要性,不是只在一個部會、一個機構、一個部門,也不是針對學齡的學生,在傳統的「學校」場域。
他是跨領域的集合體。
不管是與盟友建立友誼,平時的溝通,這些能力都是極重要的,美方對於語言教育的投資,是以國安的思維在投資。
透過這個機會,也讓我們機構的夥伴,熟悉不同文化、語言背景的朋友,台灣必須融入世界,才能擴大市場,每一步,都值得一起努力。
The The Language Flagship is one of the most prestigious initiatives aimed at promoting language learning and linguistic diversity. I thank Dr. Ming-Ying Li and Mr. Pass Yang, representing of The U.S. Language Flagship Overseas Center in Taiwan, for visiting me and my team at 台灣世代智庫 Taiwan NextGen Foundation this morning.
Our think-tank eagerly anticipates an opportunity to welcome participants in the Chinese Flagship Overseas Capstone Program to our team as interns. During their time at NextGen, these gifted young scholars will have an opportunity to hone their skills in Mandarin Chinese and gain a better understanding of the policymaking milieu in Taiwan.
In light of the fruitful and recently concluded visit of our Czech friends, today's meeting made me think of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, whom many Czechs call their "President Liberator." The statesman famously proclaimed: "Kolik jazyků znáš, tolikrát jsi člověkem" - as many languages you know, as many times you are a human being. Language learning helps foster empathy and constitutes a crucial component of peace education.
Given my own background in international security studies, I applaud the US government for its continued support for the National Security Education Program, which also includes The Language Flagship initiative.
concluded中文 在 黃珊珊 Facebook 的最佳解答
這真的令人瞠目結舌
葛特曼的律師2014年11月25日回函
回覆:您10月給葛特曼先生的信函
請諒解我們的回應時間,超過了您當初於十一月四號信中,我們所承諾的三週期限數日。
我們對於柯醫師的疑慮非常認真地看待,且我們已經詳閱所有書中相關頁面並檢視當時撰寫依據的面談紀錄與文件。
我們認為,在台灣媒體上全面性的誤解與魯莽的指控,是因為Gutmann書中的英文與相關頁面被翻譯成中文過後,因為語言與文化的差異所造成的理解問題。
我們相信所有的誤解都會在中文版的The Slaughter中被澄清,其中會包含未收錄在英文版中的序言,會直接回應柯文哲醫師的疑慮。
為了讓事情更明朗,我們必須要指出,對於書中225頁的理解,完全沒有英語語系的評論家,有著跟第一語言是華語的台灣讀者有著相同解釋。 在您給Gutmann先生的信件中,您對於255頁的敘述「所有器官都是來自於法輪功」有特別的疑慮。
這本書有透過三位專業讀者同儕審查,且經Prometheus冗長的內部編輯過程,不僅包含文字內容,更須檢視作者的筆記、訪談的錄音帶以及電子溝通。
沒有任何英語系的讀者會將標題或是文字內容解讀為,柯文哲可從類似私人「器官仲介」交易的形式取得法輪功器官,只會解讀為柯文哲醫師是被告知資訊的。
迄今沒有任何英語系讀者曾經將柯文哲醫師解讀為器官仲介者。
迄今也沒有任何英語系讀者相信,柯文哲醫師曾試圖自行購買器官或是以任何形式參與營利行為。
相反地,多數讀者讚揚柯醫師對於調查的貢獻。審查人員們均一致地如此回應,就像是觀眾們在華盛頓特區National Endowment for Democracy中舉辦的The Slaughter書本發表會的反應一樣。
我們相信語言、翻譯以及在台北市市長選舉中激昂的政治環境,會導致大家誤會作者的意思並讓事情變得更模糊。
然而我們將全力確保在中文版的The Slaughter會越準確越好。
總而言之,我們重申我們認為台灣媒體對於柯文哲醫師以及Gutmann先生的對待是不公平的。Gutmann先生相信且我們認為他的書所闡述的是,柯文哲醫師的舉止高尚,柯文哲醫師從來不曾執行器官仲介,他也從來不曾透過中國器官市場進行獲利,且他對於揭露目前仍在中國進行的醫療犯罪行為有著重大國際級的貢獻,柯文哲醫師的行為是令人驕傲的。
克萊夫 安世立
敬上
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Re: Your Letter to Mr. Gutmann on October
Please excuse us for having exceeded by a few days the three week time period within which we had agreed to expand upon our earlier letter to you of November 4.
We take Dr. Ko's concerns very seriously and we have reviewed the relevant pages in his book together with our own records of interviews and notes on which those pages were based.
We have concluded that the entire misunderstanding and the reckless accusations which have appeared in the Taiwan media would appear to be based on language and cultural differences between the English in Mr. Gutmann's book, on the one hand, and the understanding of the relevant pages when the latter have been rendered into Chinese.
We believe that all misunderstandings will be clarified in the Chinese edition of The Slaughter, which will contain a special preface not included in the English edition. This preface will address Dr. Ko's concerns directly.
For greater clarity, we would like to point out that no English speaking reviewer of the book has understood page 255 in the way it has apparently been understood in Taiwan by readers whose first language is Chinese.
In your letter to Mr. Gutmann, you specifically mentioned the caption on page 255 reading "All the Organs will come from Falun Gong" as a particular concern.
This book was peer-reviewed by three expert readers and subjected to a lengthy internal editing process by Prometheus. This review included not only the text itself, but also the author's notes, interview tapes, and electronic communications.
No English-speaking reader has understood the caption or the text to mean anything other than that Dr. Ko was being given information, rather than making a statement about the availability of Falun Gong organs in some sort of personal "organ broker" deal.
No English-speaking reader to date has understood for one moment that Dr. Ko was acting as an "organ broker".
No English-speaking reader to date believes that Dr. Ko was trying to purchase organs himself or was in any way involved in any sort of profit-making venture.
On the contrary, most readers have praised Dr. Ko for his contribution to the investigation. Reviewers have responded similarly, as did the audience at the author's book launch at the National Endowment for Democracy in Washington DC.
We believe that language, translation, and the heated environment of the political campaign for the mayoral race in Taipei may be playing a role in misconstruing the author's intentions and clouding the issue.
Nonetheless we are interested in ensuring that the Chinese edition of The Slaughter is as accurate as possible. In conclusion, we reiterate that we think the Taiwan media has been unfair in its treatment of both Dr. Ko and Mr. Gutmann. Mr. Gutmann believes, and we think his book demonstrates, that Dr. Ko has acted honourably, that he has never been an organ broker, that he has never sought profit through China's organ marketing, and that he has contributed significantly to the international effort to expose the medical crimes which continue to be perpetrated in China.
Yours Truly
Clive Ansley
concluded中文 在 The Cutie Mark Crusader Conclusion (Original Song) 中文翻譯 的推薦價格和值得買嗎?
The Cutie Mark Crusader Conclusion (Original Song) 中文翻譯裡團翻譯組 ... ... <看更多>